Flares are powered by the sudden (timescales of minutes to tens of minutes) release of magnetic energy stored in the corona. Flares occur in active regions often around sunspots, where intense magnetic fields penetrate the photosphere to link the corona to the solar interior. Most of the energy is spread over frequencies outside the visual range the majority of the flares are not visible to the naked eye and must be observed with special instruments. Flares produce electromagnetic radiation across the electromagnetic spectrum at all wavelengths, from radio waves to gamma rays.
The plasma medium is heated to tens of millions of kelvins, while electrons, protons, and heavier ions are accelerated to near the speed of light. Solar flares affect all layers of the solar atmosphere ( photosphere, chromosphere, and corona). The prediction of solar flares is an active area of research.įlares also occur on other stars, where the term stellar flare applies. This absorption can temporarily increase the ionization of the ionosphere which may interfere with short-wave radio communication. High-energy electromagnetic radiation from solar flares is absorbed by the daylight side of Earth's upper atmosphere, in particular the ionosphere, and does not reach the surface.
This results in the emission of electromagnetic radiation across the electromagnetic spectrum. Solar flares are thought to occur when stored magnetic energy in the Sun's atmosphere accelerates charged particles in the surrounding plasma.
The occurrence of solar flares varies with the 11-year solar cycle. Flares occur in active regions and are often, but not always, accompanied by coronal mass ejections, solar particle events, and other solar phenomena. A solar flare is an intense localized eruption of electromagnetic radiation in the Sun's atmosphere.
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